Chapter 20 Key Terms

addition reaction

reaction in which a double carbon-carbon bond forms a single carbon-carbon bond by the addition of a reactant. Typical reaction for an alkene.

alcohol

organic compound with a hydroxyl group (–OH) bonded to a carbon atom

aldehyde

organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogen atoms or a hydrogen atom and a carbon substituent

alkane

molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms connected by single (σ) bonds

alkene

molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond

alkyl group

substituent, consisting of an alkane missing one hydrogen atom, attached to a larger structure

alkyne

molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

amide

organic molecule that features a nitrogen atom connected to the carbon atom in a carbonyl group

amine

organic molecule in which a nitrogen atom is bonded to one or more alkyl group

aromatic hydrocarbon

cyclic molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen with delocalized alternating carbon-carbon single and double bonds, resulting in enhanced stability

carbonyl group

carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

carboxylic acid

organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached hydroxyl group

ester

organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon substituent

ether

organic compound with an oxygen atom that is bonded to two carbon atoms

functional group

part of an organic molecule that imparts a specific chemical reactivity to the molecule

ketone

organic compound containing a carbonyl group with two carbon substituents attached to it

organic compound

natural or synthetic compound that contains carbon

saturated hydrocarbon

molecule containing carbon and hydrogen that has only single bonds between carbon atoms

skeletal structure

shorthand method of drawing organic molecules in which carbon atoms are represented by the ends of lines and bends in between lines, and hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms are not shown (but are understood to be present by the context of the structure)

substituent

branch or functional group that replaces hydrogen atoms in a larger hydrocarbon chain

substitution reaction

reaction in which one atom replaces another in a molecule