References
Welcome to Economics!
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2015). The employment situation—February 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf
Garling, C. (2013, July 7). S.F. plane crash: Reporting, emotions on social media. The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/S-F-plane-crash-Reporting-emotions-on-social-4651639.php
The Heritage Foundation. (2015). 2015 index of economic freedom. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking
Irvine, J. (2011, November 25). Social networking sites are factories of modern ideas. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/society-and-culture/social-networking-sites-are-factories-of-modern-ideas-20111124-1nwy3.html#ixzz2YZhPYeME
Pew Research Center. (2015). Social networking fact sheet. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/social-networking-fact-sheet/
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. (2019). Research to help the world’s poor. https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/popular-economicsciencesprize2019.pdf
Williamson, L. (n.d.). US labor market in 2012. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2013/03/art1full.pdf
The World Bank Group. (2015). World data bank. Retrieved March 30, 2014, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/
Choice in a World of Scarcity
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2015). Median weekly earnings by educational attainment in 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2015/median-weekly-earnings-by-education-gender-race-and-ethnicity-in-2014.htm
Robbins, L. (1932). An essay on the nature and significance of economic science. Macmillan.
Smith, A. (1904). Of restraints upon the importation from foreign countries. In The wealth of nations (I.V., 2.9) Methuen & Co.
Smith, A. (1759). Of the propriety of action. In The theory of moral sentiments. A. Millar. 1.
United States Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Total passengers on U.S airlines and foreign airlines U.S. flights increased 1.3% in 2012 from 2011. Retrieved October 2013, from http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/press_releases/bts016_13
Demand and Supply
Costanza, R. & Wainger, L. (1990, September 2). No accounting for nature: How conventional economics distorts the value of things. The Washington Post.
European Commission: Agriculture and Rural Development. (2013). Overview of the CAP reform: 2014–2024. Retrieved April 13, 2025, from http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/
Landsburg, S. E. (2012). The armchair economist: Economics and everyday life. The Free Press.
National Chicken Council. (2015). Per capita consumption of poultry and livestock, 1965 to estimated 2015, in pounds. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/per-capita-consumption-of-poultry-and-livestock-1965-to-estimated-2012-in-pounds/
Pew Research Center. (n.d.). Pew Research: Center for the people & the press. http://www.people-press.org/
Radford, R. A. (1945). The economic organisation of a P.O.W. camp. Economica, 12(48), 189–201. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2550133
Wessel, D. (2004, May 27). Saudi Arabia fears $40-a-barrel oil, too. The Wall Street Journal, pp. 42. https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB108561000087822300
Labor and Financial Markets
American Community Survey. (2012). School enrollment and work status: 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acsbr11-14.pdf
CreditCards.com. (2013). http://www.creditcards.com/credit-card-news/credit-card-industry-facts-personal-debt-statistics-1276.php
Gates, H. L. (2019). Stony the road: Reconstruction, White supremacy, and the rise of Jim Crow. Penguin Press.
Johnson, H. B. (1998). Black Wall Street: From riot to renaissance in Tulsa’s historic Greenwood District. Eakin Press.
National Center for Educational Statistics. (2008 and 2010). Digest of education statistics. Retrieved December 11, 2013, from nces.ed.gov
Williams, W. E. (2017, February 13). Minimum wage and discrimination. Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/opinion/columns/2017/02/13/walter-williams-minimum-wage-and-discrimination/14874014007
Elasticity
Abkowitz, A. How Netflix got started: Netflix founder and CEO Reed Hastings tells Fortune how he got the idea for the DVD-by-mail service that now has more than eight million customers. CNN Money. Last modified January 28, 2009. http://archive.fortune.com/2009/01/27/news/newsmakers/hastings_netflix.fortune/index.htm
Associated Press. Analyst: Coinstar gains from Netflix pricing moves. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Retrieved June 24, 2013, from http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/10/12/analyst_coinstar_gains_from_netflix_pricing_moves/
Associated Press. Netflix loses 800,000 US subscribers in tough 3Q. ABC Inc. Retrieved June 24, 2013, from http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news/business&id=8403368
Baumgardner, J. (2014). Presentation on raising the excise tax on cigarettes: Effects on health and the federal budget. Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/45214-ICA_Presentation.pdf
Funding Universe. (2015). Netflix, Inc. history. Retrieved March 11, 2015, http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/netflix-inc-history/
Laporte, N. (2013, July) A tale of two Netflix. Fast Company, 177, 31–32. Retrieved December 3, 2013, from http://www.fastcompany-digital.com/fastcompany/20130708?pg=33#pg33
Liedtke, M. & The Associated Press. (n.d.). Investors bash Netflix stock after slower growth forecast—fee hikes expected to take toll on subscribers most likely to shun costly bundled Net, DVD service. The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 24, 2013, from NewsBank on-line database (Access World News).
Netflix, Inc. (2013). A quick update on our streaming plans and prices. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://blog.netflix.com/2014/05/a-quick-update-on-our-streaming-plans.html
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECC). (n.d.). Average annual hours actually worked per worker. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ANHRS
Savitz, E. (2011, October 24). Netflix warns DVD subs eroding; Q4 view weak; Losses ahead; Shrs plunge. Forbes.com. Retrieved December 3, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2011/10/24/netflix-q3-top-ests-but-shares-hit-by-weak-q4-outlook/
Statistica.com. (2014). Coffee export volumes worldwide in November 2014, by leading countries (in 60-kilo sacks). Retrieved March 27, 2015, http://www.statista.com/statistics/268135/ranking-of-coffee-exporting-countries/
Stone, M. (2011). Netflix responds to customers angry with price hike; Netflix stock falls 9%. News & Politics Examiner. Retrieved June 24, 2013, from http://www.examiner.com/article/netflix-responds-to-customers-angry-with-price-hike-netflix-stock-falls-9
Weinman, J. (2012). Die hard, hardly dying. Maclean’s, 125(18), 44.
The World Bank Group. (2015). Gross savings (% of GDP). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNS.ICTR.ZS
Yahoo Finance. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=NFLX
Consumer Choices
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). Consumer expenditures in 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2015 from http://www.bls.gov/cex/csxann13.pdf
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). Employer costs for employee compensation—December 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2015 from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ecec.pdf
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). Labor force statistics from the current population survey. Retrieved March 11, 2015 from http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat22.htm
Holden, S., & Schrass, D. (2012). The role of IRAs in U.S households’ saving for retirement, 2012. ICI Research Perspective, 18(8). http://www.ici.org/pdf/per18-08.pdf
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.
Thaler, R. H. (2013, April 6). Shifting our retirement savings into automatic. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/business/an-automatic-solution-for-the-retirement-savings-problem.html?pagewanted=all
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (n.d.). Statistics in brief/profiles. Retrieved August 2013 from http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121 &IF_Language=en&BR_Country=5580
Production, Costs, and Industry Structure
United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). 2010 U.S. Census. www.census.gov
Perfect Competition
Index Mundi. (n.d.). Wheat monthly price—U.S. dollars per metric ton. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=wheat
Knutson, J. (2013, April 14). Wheat on the defensive in the northern plains. Agweek, Associated Press State Wire: North Dakota (ND).
SBA Office of Advocacy. (2014). Frequently asked questions: Advocacy: the voice of small business in government. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/FAQ_March_2014_0.pdf
Monopoly
Aboukhadijeh, F. (n.d.). Chapter 20: Girding for war—The North and the South, 1861–1865. Study Notes. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/outlines/chapter-20-girding-for-war-the-north-and-the-south-1861-1865/
British Parliament. (1833, August 28). Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section LXIV. Retrieved July 2013 from. http://www.pdavis.nl/Legis_07.htm
Dattel, E. (n.d.). Cotton and the Civil War. Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved July 2013 from http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/291/cotton-and-the-civil-war
Gartner. (2015). Gartner says tablet sales continue to be slow in 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2954317
Grogan, D. (2015). Federal judge finds AmEx’s anti-steering rule violates antitrust law. American Booksellers Association. Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://www.bookweb.org/news/federal-judge-finds-amex%E2%80%99s-anti-steering-rule-violates-antitrust-law
Massachusetts Historical Society. (n.d.). The coming of the American Revolution 1764–-1776: The Boston Tea Party. Retrieved from http://www.masshist.org/revolution/teaparty.php
Massachusetts Historical Society. (n.d.). Whereas our nation. The Massachusetts Gazette, p. 2. Retrieved July 2013 from http://www.masshist.org/revolution/image-viewer.php?old=1&item_id=457&img_step=1&nmask=1&mode=large
Pelegrin, William. (2015). Judge overrules antitrust case against Google, says setting default search engines is fair. Digital Trends. Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/judge-tosses-out-google-antitrust-lawsuit/
Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
eMarketer.com. (2014). Total US ad spending to see largest increase since 2004: Mobile advertising leads growth; will surpass radio, magazines and newspapers this year. Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Total-US-Ad-Spending-See-Largest-Increase-Since-2004/1010982
Federal Trade Commission. (n.d.). About the Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved October 17, 2013, from http://www.ftc.gov/ftc/about.shtm
Kantar Media. (n.d.). Our insights: Infographic—U.S. advertising year end trends report 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2013, from http://kantarmedia.us/insight-center/reports/infographic-us-advertising-year-end-trends-report-2012
Statistica.com. (2015). Number of restaurants in the United States from 2011 to 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.statista.com/statistics/244616/number-of-qsr-fsr-chain-independent-restaurants-in-the-us/
The United States Department of Justice. (n.d.). Antitrust division. Retrieved October 17, 2013, from http://www.justice.gov/atr/
Monopoly and Antitrust Policy
Bishop, T. (2014, July 14). Microsoft exec admits new reality: Market share no longer 90%—It’s 14%. GeekWire. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from http://www.geekwire.com/2014/microsoft-exec-admits-new-reality-market-share-longer-90-14/
Catan, T., & Dezember, R. (2011, October 19). Kinder-El Paso merger to face antitrust scrutiny. Wall Street Journal.
Collins, A. (n.d.). Tallgrass energy to acquire Kinder Morgan assets for $1.8B. The Middle Market. Retrieved August 2013 from http://www.themiddlemarket.com/news/tallgrass-energy-to-acquire-kinder-morgan-assets-for-1-point-8-billion-232862-1.html
Conoco Phillips. (n.d.). Why natural gas. Retrieved August 2013 from http://www.powerincooperation.com/en/pages/useful.html?gclid=COXg7rH3hrgCFWlp7AodtkgA3g
De la Merced, M. (2012, August 20). Kinder Morgan to sell assets to Tallgrass for $1.8 billion. The New York Times.
The Federal Trade Commission. (n.d.). The Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) mission. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/2014-one-page-ftc-performance-snapshot/150218fy14snapshot.pdf
Kahn, C. (2011, October 17). Kinder Morgan to buy El Paso Corp. for $20.7B. USA Today.
Kinder Morgan. (2013). Investor information. Retrieved August 2013 from http://www.kindermorgan.com/investor/
Rogowsky, M. (2014). There’d be no wireless wars without the blocked T-Mobile merger, so where does that leave Comcast-TWC? Forbes.com. Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/markrogowsky/2014/08/27/t-mobile-and-sprint-continue-to-battle-thanks-to-the-government/
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). Natural gas consumption by end user. Retrieved May 31, 2013, from http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_a.htm
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). Natural gas prices. Retrieved June 28, 2013, from http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_nus_a.htm
The Wall Street Journal. (2015). Auto sales. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 10, 2015, from http://online.wsj.com/mdc/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html
Environmental Protection and Negative Externalities
Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). 2006 pay-as-you-throw programs. Retrieved December 20, 2013, from http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/tools/payt/states/06comm.htm
European Union. (2012, December 11). Durban Conference Delivers Breakthrough for Climate. Retrieved December 19, 2013, from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11-895_en.htm?locale=en
Johnson, O. W. (1990, April 30). Back on track: Earth Day success story; The Chattanooga Choo-Choo no longer spews foul air. Sports Illustrated. http://www.si.com/vault/1990/04/30/121923/back-on-track-earth-day-success-story-the-chattanooga-choo-choo-no-longer-spews-foul-air
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). Total energy: Monthly energy review. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved December 19, 2013, from http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/
Positive Externalities and Public Goods
Arias, O. & McMahon, W. W. (2001). Dynamic rates of return to education in the U.S. Economics of Education Review, 20, 121–138.
Biography.com. (2015). Alan Turing. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.biography.com/people/alan-turing-9512017
Canty Media. (2015). The world: Life expectancy (2015)—Top 100+. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.geoba.se/population.php?pc=world&type=15
Cowen, T. (2013). Average is over: Powering America beyond the age of the great stagnation. Dutton Adult.
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–48.
Hyclak, T., Johnes, G., & Thornton, R. (2005). Fundamentals of labor economics. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Mazzucato, M. (2015). The entrepreneurial state: Debunking public vs. private sector myths. Public Affairs.
Mazzucato, M. & Perez, C. (2014). Innovation as growth policy: The challenge for Europe. Science Policy Research Unit. https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=2014-13-swps-mazzucato-perez.pdf&site=25
McMahon, W. (2000). Education and development: Measuring the social benefits. Oxford University Press.
McTigue, K. (2019). Economic benefits of the global position system to the private sector. National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2019/10/economic-benefits-global-positioning-system-us-private-sector-study
National Institute of Health. (2015). Global competitiveness—The importance of U.S. leadership in science and innovation for the future of our economy and our health. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.nih.gov/about/impact/impact_global.pdf
National Science Foundation. (2013). U.S. R&D spending resumes growth in 2010 and 2011 but still lags behind the pace of expansion of the national economy. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf13313/
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.
Perez, C. (2009). Long run economic transformation: After the crisis. OME Annual Report 2009–2010.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. World Development, 22, 1325–1343.
Salientes-Narisma, C. (n.d.). Samsung shift to innovative devices pay off. Inquirer Technology. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://technology.inquirer.net/23831/samsungs-shift-to-innovative-devices-pays-off
United for Medical Research. (n.d.). Profiles of prosperity: How NIH-supported research is fueling private sector growth and innovation. p. 2. Retrieved January 2014 from http://www.unitedformedicalresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/UMR_ProsperityReport_071913a.pdf
United States Department of the Treasury. (n.d.). Research and experimentation tax credit. Retrieved November 2013 from http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/news/Pages/investing-in-us-competitiveness.aspx
United States Patent and Trademark Office. (2015). U.S. patent statistics: Calendar years 1963–2014. Retrieved April 10, 2015, from http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/us_stat.pdf
Labor Markets and Income
AFL-CIO. (n.d.). Training and apprenticeships. http://www.aflcio.org/Learn-About-Unions/Training-and-Apprenticeships
Anderson, D. J., Binder, M., & Krause, K. (2003). The motherhood wage penalty revisited: Experience, heterogeneity, work effort, and work-schedule flexibility. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 2, 273–294. http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ321/orazem/anderson_motherhood-penalty.pdf
Austin, A. (2013, June 18). The unfinished march: An overview. Economic Policy Institute. http://www.epi.org/publication/unfinished-march-overview/
Bertrand, M, & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, 4, 991–1013. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/0002828042002561&fnd=s
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2007). The gender pay gap: Have women gone as far as they can? Academy of Management Perspectives, 1, 7–23. 10.5465/AMP.2007.24286161
Card, D., & Kruger, A. B. (1992 December). Trends in relative Black–White earnings revisited (working paper #310). Princeton University and the National Bureau of Economic Research. http://harris.princeton.edu/pubs/pdfs/310.pdf
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
Clark, J. B. (1907). Essentials of economic theory: As applied to modern problems of industry and public policy. A. M. Kelley, 501.
Clune, M. S. (1998). The fiscal impacts of immigrants: A California case study. In J. P. Smith & B. Edmonston (Eds.), The immigration debate: Studies on the economic, demographic, and fiscal effects of immigration, (120–182). National Academy Press. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5985&page=120
Cook, Lisa D. (2020). Policies to broaden participation in the innovation process. The Hamilton Project. https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/Cook_PP_LO_8.13.pdf
Darity Jr., W. A. (1998). Evidence of discrimination in employment: Codes of color, codes of gender. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), 63–90.
Donovan, T. (2013, August 5). Federal judge rejects class status in Wal-Mart discrimination suit. Jurist. http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/08/federal-judge-rejects-class-status-in-wal-mart-discrimination-suit.php
Harris, E. A. (2013, November 18). Labor panel finds illegal punishments at Walmart. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/business/labor-panel-finds-illegal-punishments-at-walmart.html?_r=1&
Kolesnikova, N. A., & Liu, Y. (2011, October). Gender wage gap may be much smaller than most think. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: The Regional Economist. http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id=2160
Podmolik, M. E. (2013, June 12). HUD finds housing discrimination ‘hidden’ but prevalent. Chicago Tribune: Business. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-06-12/business/ct-biz-0612-housing-discrimination-20130612_1_renters-testers-chicago-area
Smith, J. P. (n.d.). Immigration reform. Rand Corporation: Rand Review. http://www.rand.org/pubs/periodicals/rand-review/issues/2012/fall/leadership/immigration-reform.html
Spreen, T. L. (2013, February). Recent college graduates in the U.S. labor force: Data from the current population survey. Monthly Labor Review. http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2013/02/art1full.pdf
Turner, M. A., Santos, R., Levy, D. K., Wissoker, D., Aranda, C., Pitingolo, R., & The Urban Institute. (2013). Housing discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities 2012. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. http://www.huduser.org/Publications/pdf/HUD-514_HDS2012.pdf
United Auto Workers (UAW). (n.d.). About: Who we are. http://www.uaw.org/page/who-we-are
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics: BLS Reports. (2014). Women in the labor force: A databook (report 1052). Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/cps/women-in-the-labor-force-a-databook-2014.pdf
United States Census Bureau. (2014). Table 1. Educational attainment of the population 18 years and over, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/education/data/cps/2014/tables.html
United States Department of Homeland Security: Office of Immigration Statistics. (2012 September). 2011 yearbook of immigration statistics. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2011/ois_yb_2011.pdf
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2013). Economic news release: Union members summary. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm
United States Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2013, November 1). News release: Usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers (third quarter 2013). http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/wkyeng.pdf
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). Economic news: Union members summary. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm
United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2010, March 1). Walmart to pay more than $11.7 million to settle EEOC sex discrimination suit. http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/3-1-10.cfm
Warner, J. (2014). Fact sheet: The women’s leadership gap: Women’s leadership by the numbers. Center for American Progress. Retrieved March 16, 2015, from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2014/03/07/85457/fact-sheet-the-womens-leadership-gap/
Weinberger, C. J., & Joy, L. (2007). The relative earnings of Black college graduates, 1980–2001. In M. Kim (Ed.), Race and economic opportunity in the 21st century. Routledge. http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~weinberg/grads.pdf
Poverty and Economic Inequality
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2013, December 13). Research resources: Survey of consumer finances. http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/scf/scfindex.htm
Congressional Budget Office. (2012, July 10). The distribution of household income and federal taxes, 2008 and 2009. http://www.cbo.gov/publication/43373
Congressional Budget Office. (2015). The effects of potential cuts in SNAP spending on households with different amounts of income. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49978
Ebeling, A. (2014). IRS announces 2015 estate and gift tax limits. Forbes. Retrieved March 16, 2015, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/ashleaebeling/2014/10/30/irs-announces-2015-estate-and-gift-tax-limits/
Falk, Gene. Congressional Research Service. (2013, October 17). The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant: Responses to frequently asked questions. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32760.pdf
Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States Government. (2012, March 15). State median income estimates for a four-person household: Notice of the federal fiscal year (FFY) 2013 state median income estimates for use under the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/03/15/2012-6220/state-median-income-estimates-for-a-four-person-household-notice-of-the-federal-fiscal-year-ffy-2013#t-1
Frank, R. H., & Cook, P. J. (1995).The winner-take-all society. Martin Kessler Books at The Free Press.
Huang, C., & Frentz, N. (2013, August 29). Myths and realities about the estate tax. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. http://www.cbpp.org/files/estatetaxmyths.pdf
Institute of Education Sciences: National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). Fast facts: Degrees conferred by sex and race. http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72
Library of Congress. (n.d.). Congressional Research Service. http://www.loc.gov/crsinfo/about/
Luhby, T. (2014). Income is on the rise . . . finally! CNN. Retrieved April 10, 2015, from http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/20/news/economy/median-income/
Meyer, A. (2015). 56,023,000: Record number of women not in labor force. CNSNews.com. Retrieved March 16, 2015, from http://cnsnews.com/news/article/ali-meyer/56023000-record-number-women-not-labor-force
Nhan, D. (2012, May 1). Census: More in U.S. report nontraditional households. National Journal. http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/census-more-in-u-s-report-nontraditional-households-20120430
Office of Management and Budget. (n.d.). Fiscal year 2013 historical tables: Budget of the U.S. government. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/hist.pdf
Orshansky, M. (1963). Children of the poor. Social Security Bulletin, 26(7), 3–13. http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v26n7/v26n7p3.pdf
Tax Policy Center: Urban Institute and Brookings Institution. (n.d.). The tax policy briefing book: Taxation and the family: What is the Earned Income Tax Credit? http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/key-elements/family/eitc.cfm
The World Bank. (n.d.). Data: Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of Population). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: BLS Reports. (2013, March 26). Report 1040: Women in the labor force: A databook. http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf
United States Census Bureau. (2014). 2013 highlights. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/about/overview/
United States Census Bureau. (2014). Historical income tables: Households: Table H-2 share of aggregate income received by each fifth and top 5% of income. All races. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/household/
U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). American FactFinder. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Current population survey (CPS): CPS table creator. http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html
U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Income: Table F-6. Regions—Families (all races) by median and mean income. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/families/
U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Income: Table H-2. Share of aggregate income received by each fifth and top 5 percent of households. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/household/
U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (2012). Poverty: Poverty thresholds. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/threshld/
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2015). 2015 poverty guidelines. Retrieved April 10, 2015, from http://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid-chip-program-information/by-topics/eligibility/downloads/2015-federal-poverty-level-charts.pdf
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2015). Information on poverty and income statistics: A summary of 2014 current population survey data. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/14/povertyandincomeest/ib_poverty2014.pdf
Information, Risk, and Insurance
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2015). Policy basics: Where do our federal tax dollars go? Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=1258
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
Consumer Reports. (n.d.). Consumer Reports. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/index.htm
Federal Trade Commission. (2013, October 17) About the Federal Trade Commission. http://www.ftc.gov/ftc/about.shtm
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2013, April 25). Health reform: Summary of the Affordable Care Act. http://kff.org/health-reform/fact-sheet/summary-of-new-health-reform-law/
Huffington Post. (2015). HUFFPOLLSTER: Poll shows uptick in Obamacare favorable rating. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/19/affordable-care-act-fav_n_6900938.html
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. http://www.princeton.edu/~kahneman/docs/Publications/prospect_theory.pdf
National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (n.d.). National Association of Insurance Commissioners & The Center for Insurance Policy and Research. http://www.naic.org/
OECD. (n.d.). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). http://www.oecd.org/about/
Rasmussen Reports, LLC. (n.d.). Rasmussen Reports. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/
Thaler, R. H., & Mullainathan, S. (n.d.). The concise encyclopedia of economics: Behavioral economics. Library of Economics and Liberty. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/BehavioralEconomics.html
Ungar, L. (2015). Uninsured rates drop dramatically under Obamacare. USA Today. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/03/16/uninsured-rates-drop-sharply-under-obamacare/24852325/
Financial Markets
Freddie Mac. (2015). Freddie Mac update: March 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.freddiemac.com/investors/pdffiles/investor-presentation.pdf
Former, J. D. (2010, March 23). Should your small business go public? Consider the benefits and risks of becoming a publicly traded company. U.S. Small Business Administration: Community Blog. http://www.sba.gov/community/blogs/community-blogs/business-law-advisor/should-your-small-business-go-public-consider-0
Howley, K. M. (2013, March 26). Home value highest since ’07 as U.S. houses make cash. Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-26/home-value-highest-since-07-as-u-s-houses-make-cash-mortgages.html
Investment Company Institute. (n.d.). 2013 investment company fact book, chapter 6: Characteristics of mutual fund owners. http://icifactbook.org/fb_ch6.html.
NASDAQ.com. (2015). Facebook, Inc. historical stock prices. Retrieved March 28, 2015, from http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/fb/historical
National Association of Realtors. (2015). Existing-home sales: Latest news. Accessed April 1, 2015, from http://www.realtor.org/topics/existing-home-sales/data
National Venture Capital Association. (n.d.). Recent stats & studies. http://www.nvca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=344&Itemid=103Update
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. (2015). Annual venture capital investment tops $48 billion in 2014, reaching highest level in over a decade, according to the Moneytree report. Retrieved April 1, 2015, http://www.pwc.com/us/en/press-releases/2015/annual-venture-capital-investment-tops-48-billion.jhtml
Rooney, B. (2010, October 1). Trading program sparked May “flash crash.” CNN Money. http://money.cnn.com/2010/10/01/markets/SEC_CFTC_flash_crash/index.htm
U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Income: Table H-13. Educational attainment of householder—Households with householder 25 years old and over by median and mean income. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/household/
United States Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). Table 9. Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2014 annual averages. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/wkyeng.t09.htm
Public Economy
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (n.d.). Voting rights. https://www.aclu.org/voting-rights
Cornell University Law School: Legal Information Institute. (2010, January 21). Citizens United v. Federal Election Committee (No. 08-205). http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/08-205.ZS.html
Hufbauer, G. C., & Lowry, S. (2012 April). U.S. tire tariffs: Saving few jobs at high cost (policy brief 12-9). Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved July 31, 2025, from https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/2016/us-tire-tariffs-saving-few-jobs-high-cost
The New York Times. (n.d.). The 2012 money race: Compare the candidates. http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/campaign-finance
Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Harvard University Press.
Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. Harper.
Nixon, R. (2013, October 30). American candy makers, pinched by inflated sugar prices, look abroad. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/31/us/american-candy-makers-pinched-by-inflated-sugar-prices-look-abroad.html?_r=0
Roper Center Public Opinion Archives. (2013, September 23). A brief history of public opinion on the government’s role in providing health care. Retrieved July 31, 2025, from https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/brief-history-public-opinion-government-role-health-care
Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden two. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Voting and registration: Historical time series tables; Table A-9: Reported voting rates in presidential election years, by selected characteristics: November 1964 to 2012. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socdemo/voting/publications/historical/index.html
U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Voting and registration: Historical time series tables; Table A-10: Reported registration rates in presidential election years, by selected characteristics: November 1968 to 2012. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socdemo/voting/publications/historical/index.html
The Washington Post. (2012, November 7). Exit polls 2012: Where Americans stood this election. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/2012-exit-polls/national-breakdown/
The Macroeconomic Perspective
Schneider, F. (2013, April 5). Size and development of the shadow economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD countries from 2003 to 2013: A further decline. Johannes Kepler University. http://www.econ.jku.at/members/Schneider/files/publications/2013/ShadEcEurope31_Jan2013.pdf
The National Bureau of Economic Research. (n.d.) Information on recessions and recoveries, the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee, and related topics. http://www.nber.org/cycles/main.html
United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). USDA. http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome
United States Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis. (n.d.). National data: National income and product accounts tables. http://bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=9&step=1
United States Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Census of governments: 2012 census of governments. http://www.census.gov/govs/cog/
United States Department of Energy. (n.d.). Energy.gov. http://energy.gov/
United States Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Agency for healthcare research and quality. http://www.ahrq.gov/
United States Department of Transportation. (2012, March 2). About DOT. http://www.dot.gov/about
Economic Growth
Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. L. (2013, January). The Maddison Project: The first update of the Maddison Project re-estimating growth before 1820 (Maddison-Project working paper WP-4). University of Groningen: Groningen Growth and Development Centre. http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/publications/pdf/wp4.pdf
British Library. (n.d.). Treasures in full: Magna Carta. http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The world factbook: Country comparison GDP (purchasing power parity). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The world factbook: Country comparison: GDP–real growth rate. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html
DeLong, B. (2013, September 3). Lighting the rocket of growth and lightening the toil of work: Another outtake from my “slouching towards utopia” MS . . . This is Brad DeLong’s Grasping Reality. http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2013/09/lighting-the-rocket-of-growth-and-lightening-the-toil-of-work-another-outtake-from-my-slouching-towards-utopia-ms.html
Easterlin, R. A. (2000). The worldwide standard of living since 1800. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1, 7–26. http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.14.1.7
The Economist. (2006, April 12). Women and the world economy: A guide to womenomics. The Economist. http://www.economist.com/node/6802551
Farole, T., & Akinci, G. (Eds.). (2011). Special economic zones: Progress, emerging challenges, and future directions. The World Bank. http://publications.worldbank.org/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=24138
Garcia, A., & Mohnen, P. (n.d.). Impact of government support on R&D and innovation (Working paper series #2010-034). United Nations University, Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Centre on Innovation and Technology: UNU-MERIT. http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/wppdf/2010/wp2010-034.pdf
Heston, A., Summers, R., & Aten, B. (2012, July). Penn world table version 7.1. Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania. https://pwt.sas.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt71/pwt71_form.php
Hudson, R.A. (Ed.). (1997). Spectacular growth, 1968–73. Brazil: A country study. GPO for the Library of Congress. http://countrystudies.us/brazil/64.htm
Maddison, A. Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Rothbard, M. N. (2007, June 22). Property rights and the theory of contracts. The Ethics of Liberty. http://mises.org/daily/2580
Salois, M. J., Tiffin, J. R., & Balcombe, K. G. (2011, July 24–26). Impact of income on calorie and nutrient intakes: A cross-country analysis [Presentation]. Annual Meeting of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, Pittsburg, PA. http://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/aaea11/103647.html
Sen, A. (1997, November). Hunger in the contemporary world (Discussion paper DEDPS/8). The Suntory Centre: London School of Economics and Political Science. http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/de/dedps8.pdf
United States Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003, October). Women at work: A visual essay. Monthly Labor Review, 45–50. http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2003/10/ressum3.pdf
van Zanden, J. L. (2009). The long road to the industrial revolution: The European economy in a global perspective, 1000–1800 (Global economic history series). Brill.
The World Bank. (n.d.). CPIA property rights and rule-based governance rating (1=low to 6=high). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.CPA.PROP.XQ
Unemployment
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor force statistics from the current population survey. Retrieved March 6, 2015, http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000
Cappelli, P. (2012, June 20). Why good people can’t get jobs: Chasing after the purple squirrel. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3027
Inflation
Bernhard, K. (2005, September 1). Pump prices jump across U.S. after Katrina. NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9146363/ns/business-local_business/t/pump-prices-jump-across-us-after-katrina/#.U00kRfk7um4
Hanke, S. H. (n.d.). R.I.P. Zimbabwe dollar. CATO Institute. Retrieved December 31, 2013, from http://www.cato.org/zimbabwe
Lang, B. (2015, January 20). Average movie ticket prices increase to $8.17 for 2014. Variety. http://variety.com/2015/film/news/movie-ticket-prices-increased-in-2014-1201409670/
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2015). Billion prices project. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://bpp.mit.edu/usa/
Michael.Zak@Teamaol.com. (2014, March 12). Who can afford the average car price? Only folks in Washington, D.C. Autoblog. http://www.autoblog.com/2014/03/12/who-can-afford-the-average-car-price-only-folks-in-washington/
Shiller, R. (1996). Why do people dislike inflation? NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, 52.
US Inflation Calculator. (n.d.). Historical inflation rates: 1914–2013. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/inflation/historical-inflation-rates/
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Economic news release: Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted (1). http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t24.htm
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Top picks. http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ap
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). http://www.bls.gov/ro3/apmw.htm
United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Median and Average Sales Prices of New Homes Sold in United States. https://www.census.gov/construction/nrs/pdf/uspricemon.pdf
United States Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). Petroleum & other liquids. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_a_epmr_pte_dpgal_w.htm
Wines, M. (2006, May 2). How bad is inflation in Zimbabwe? The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/02/world/africa/02zimbabwe.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Wynne, M. A. (n.d.) Core inflation, a review of some conceptual issues. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. p. 209. Retrieved April 14, 2014, from http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/08/05/part2/Wynne.pdf
The International Trade and Capital Flows
Central Intelligence Agency. (2013, October 31). The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html
Tabuchi, H. (2013, January 23). Japan reports a $78 billion trade deficit for 2012. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/business/global/japan-reports-a-78-billion-trade-deficit-for-2012.html?_r=0
U.S. Department of Commerce. (2013, December 1). Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.gov/
U.S. Department of Commerce. (n.d.). United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/
World Bank. (2014). Exports of goods and services (% of GDP). Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS/countries
The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model
Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest and money. Palgrave Macmillan.
Library of Economics and Liberty. (n.d.). The concise encyclopedia of economics: Jean-Baptiste Say. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Say.html
Library of Economics and Liberty. (n.d.) The concise encyclopedia of economics: John Maynard Keynes. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Keynes.html
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2015). Business tendency surveys: Construction. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://stats.oecd.org/mei/default.asp?lang=e&subject=6
United States Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). New residential sales: Historical data. http://www.census.gov/construction/nrs/historical_data/
University of Michigan. (2015). Surveys of consumers. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://www.sca.isr.umich.edu/tables.html
The Keynesian Perspective
Blinder, A. S., & Zandi, M. (2010, July 27). How the Great Recession was brought to an end. http://www.princeton.edu/~blinder/End-of-Great-Recession.pdf
The Conference Board, Inc. (2013, November). Global Economic Outlook 2014, November 2013. http://www.conference-board.org/data/globaloutlook.cfm
Harford, T. (n.d.). What price supply and demand? http://timharford.com/2014/01/what-price-supply-and-demand/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter
Hoover, K. (n.d.). Phillips curve. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PhillipsCurve.html
Mahapatra, L. (2013, July 9). US exports to China have grown 294% over the past decade. International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/us-exports-china-have-grown-294-over-past-decade-1338693
National Employment Law Project. (n.d.). Job creation and economic recovery. http://www.nelp.org/index.php/content/content_issues/category/job_creation_and_economic_recovery/
Thomas, G. S. (2012, July 24). Recession claimed 170,000 small businesses in two years. The Business Journals. http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2012/07/recession-claimed-170000-small.html
United States Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Top picks. http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?bls
United States Government Printing Office. (n.d.). Economic report of the president. http://1.usa.gov/1c3psdL
The Neoclassical Perspective
American Statistical Association. (n.d.). ASA headlines. http://www.amstat.org/
Carvalho, C., Eusepi, S., & Grisse, C. (2012). Policy initiatives in the global recession: What did forecasters expect? Federal Reserve Bank of New York: Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 18(2). http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci18-2.pdf
Haubrich, J. G., Pennacchi, G., & Ritchken, P. (2011, March). Working paper 11-07: Inflation expectations, real rates, and risk premia: Evidence from inflation swaps. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/workpaper/2011/wp1107.pdf
Lumina Foundation. (2014). A stronger nation through higher education. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://www.luminafoundation.org/publications/A_stronger_nation_through_higher_education-2014.pdf
The National Bureau of Economic Research. (n.d). http://www.nber.org/
United States Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). The 2012 statistical abstract. http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/education.html
United States Department of the Treasury. (2013, December 12). TARP programs. http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/financial-stability/TARP-Programs/Pages/default.aspx
United States Government. (2013, October 2013). Track the money. Recovery.gov. http://www.recovery.gov/Pages/default.aspx
University of Michigan: Institute for Social Research. (n.d.). Survey research center. http://www.src.isr.umich.edu/
Money and Banking
Bitcoin. (2013). www.bitcoin.org
Credit Union National Association. (2014). Monthly credit union estimates. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://www.cuna.org/Research-And-Strategy/Credit-Union-Data-And-Statistics/
Dallas Federal Reserve. (2013). Ending “too big to fail”: A proposal for reform before it’s too late. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://www.dallasfed.org/news/speeches/fisher/2013/fs130116.cfm
Federal Reserve. (2013, November 23). Federal Reserve statistical release. http://www.federalreserve.gov/RELEASES/h6/current/default.htm#t2tg1link
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. (n.d.). Commercial banks in the U.S. Retrieved November 2013, from http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/USNUM
Fisher, R. W. (2013, January 16). Ending “too big to fail”: A proposal for reform before it’s too late. (With Reference to Patrick Henry, Complexity and Reality). Remarks before the Committee for the Republic, Washington, D.C. Dallas Federal Reserve.
Hogendorn, J. & Johnson, M. (2003). The shell money of the slave trade. Cambridge University Press, 6.
National Public Radio. (2013, November 19). Lawmakers and regulators take closer look at Bitcoin. http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2013-11-19/lawmakers-and-regulators-take-closer-look-bitcoin
Monetary Policy and Bank Regulation
Appelbaum, B. (2013, August 14) Divining the regulatory goals of Fed rivals. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/14/business/economy/careers-of-2-fed-contenders-reveal-little-on-regulatory-approach.html?pagewanted=3
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (n.d.). Federal Open Market Committee. Retrieved September 3, 2013, from http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomc.htm
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (n.d.). Reserve requirements. Retrieved November 5, 2013, from http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/reservereq.htm
Cox, J. (2014). Fed completes the taper. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://www.cnbc.com/id/102132961
Federal Reserve Bank of New York. (n.d.). The founding of the Fed. Retrieved November 2013, from http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/history_article.html
Ihrig, J. & Wolla, S. (2020, October 23). Closing the monetary policy curriculum gap: A primer for educators making the transition to teaching the Fed’s ample-reserves framework. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/closing-the-monetary-policy-curriculum-gap-20201023.html
Jahan, S. (n.d.). Inflation targeting: Holding the line. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/target.htm
Matthews, D. (2013, October 9). Nine amazing facts about Janet Yellen, our next Fed chair. Wonkblog. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/10/09/nine-amazing-facts-about-janet-yellen-our-next-fed-chair/
National Credit Union Administration. (n.d.). About NCUA. Retrieved November 2013, from http://www.ncua.gov/about/Pages/default.aspx
Tobin, J. (n.d.). The concise encyclopedia of economics: Monetary policy. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved November 2013, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/MonetaryPolicy.html
United States Department of the Treasury. (n.d.). Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Retrieved November 2013, from http://www.occ.gov/
Exchange Rates and International Capital Flows
Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. University of Chicago Press.
Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy
Alesina, A., & Giavazzi, F. (2013). Fiscal policy after the financial crisis. University of Chicago Press.
Bastagli, F., Coady, D., & Gupta, S. (2012, June 28). IMF staff discussion note: Income inequality and fiscal policy. International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2012/sdn1208.pdf
Bivens, J., Fieldhouse, A., & Shierholz, H. (2013, February 14). From free-fall to stagnation: Five years after the start of the Great Recession, extraordinary policy measures are still needed, but are not forthcoming. Economic Policy Institute. http://www.epi.org/publication/bp355-five-years-after-start-of-great-recession/
Burman, L. E., & Selmrod, J. (2012). Taxes in America: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.
Chantrill, C. (n.d.). Government Spending Details: United States Federal State and Local Government Spending, Fiscal Year 2013. USGovernmentSpending.com. http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/year_spending_2013USbn_15bs2n_20
Eisner, R. (1997). The great deficit scares: The federal budget, trade, and social security. Priority Press Publications.
Greenstone, M., & Looney, A. (2012, July 6). The role of fiscal stimulus in the ongoing recovery. Brookings. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/jobs/posts/2012/07/06-jobs-greenstone-looney
Hall, R. E., & Rabushka, A. (2007). The flat tax. Hoover Institution Press.
Kliff, S. (2012, August 30). How Congress paid for Obamacare (in two charts). The Washington Post: WonkBlog. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/08/30/how-congress-paid-for-obamacare-in-two-charts/
Kramer, M., et. al. (2012). A people’s guide to the federal budget. National Priorities Project. Interlink Books.
Kurtzleben, D. (2011, January 14). 10 states with the largest budget shortfalls. U.S. News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/01/14/10-states-with-the-largest-budget-shortfalls
Leduc, S., & Wilson, D. (2013, July). Are state governments roadblocks to federal stimulus? Evidence from highway grants in the 2009 Recovery Act. (Working paper 2013-16). Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/files/wp2013-16.pdf
Lucking, B., & Wilson, D. (2012, July 2). FRBSF economic letter—U.S. fiscal policy: Headwind or tailwind? http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2012/july/us-fiscal-policy/
Lucking, B., & Wilson, D. (2013, June 3). FRBSF economic letter-fiscal headwinds: Is the other shoe about to drop? Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2013/june/fiscal-headwinds-federal-budget-policy/
Martin, F. M. (2012). Fiscal policy in the Great Recession and lessons from the past. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: Economic Synopses. no. 1. http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/es/12/ES_2012-01-06.pdf
Matthews, D. (2013, April 5). America’s taxes are the most progressive in the world. Its government is among the least. The Washington Post: WonkBlog. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/05/americas-taxes-are-the-most-progressive-in-the-world-its-government-is-among-the-least/
Miller, R., & Selway, W. (2013, January 10). U.S. cities and states start spending again. Bloomberg Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-10/u-dot-s-dot-cities-and-states-start-spending-again
Recovery.gov. (n.d.). Track the money. http://www.recovery.gov/Pages/default.aspx
Weisman, J. (2013, October 26). After year of working around federal cuts, agencies face fewer options. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/us/politics/after-year-of-working-around-federal-cuts-agencies-face-fewer-options.html?_r=0
Weisman, J., & Parker, A. (2012, October 16). Republicans back down, ending crisis over shutdown and debt limit. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/us/congress-budget-debate.html
Wessel, D. (2013). Red ink: Inside the high-stakes politics of federal budget. Crown Publishing Group.
The Impacts of Government Borrowing
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (n.d.). Selected interest rates (daily)—H.15. Retrieved December 10, 2013, from http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm
The National Science Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2013, from http://www.nsf.gov/
Rubin, R. E., Orszag, P. R., & Sinai, A. (2004, January 4). Sustained budget deficits: Longer-run U.S. economic performance and the risk of financial and fiscal disarray. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2004/1/05budgetdeficit%20orszag/20040105.pdf
United States Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis. (n.d.). National data: National income and product accounts tables. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=9&step=1#reqid=9&step=3&isuri=1&910=X&911=0&903=146&904=2008&905=2013&906=A
The White House. (n.d.). Fiscal year 2013 historical tables: Budget of the U.S. government. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/hist.pdf
The White House. (2013, August 20). This is why it’s time to make college more affordable. http://www.whitehouse.gov/share/college-affordability
Macroeconomic Policy Around the World
Banerjee, A. V., & Duflo, E. (n.d.). About the book: Overview. Poor Economics. http://pooreconomics.com/about-book
Basu, K. (2006, May 18). Why India’s labour laws are a problem. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4984256.stm
CARE International. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved January 14, 2014, from http://www.care-international.org/about-us.aspx
Central Intelligence Agency. (2013, November 12). The world factbook: Africa, Burundi. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html
Central Intelligence Agency. (2013, November 12). The world factbook: Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html
Easterly, W. (2006). The White man’s burden: Why the West’s efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good. Penguin Group.
The Economist. (2013, May 4). Shinzo Abe’s government looks likely to disappoint on fiscal consolidation. The Economist. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21577080-shinzo-abes-government-looks-likely-disappoint-fiscal-consolidation-dont
Edwards, S. (n.d.). America’s unsustainable current account deficit. National Bureau of Economic Research Digest. http://www.nber.org/digest/mar06/w11541.html. http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta
Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T. (2021). On her own account: How strengthening women’s financial control impacts labor supply and gender norms. American Economic Review, 111(7): 2342–2375
Goel, V. (2013, August 20). Facebook leads an effort to lower barriers to internet access. The New York Times.
Google. (n.d.). Project loon. http://www.google.com/loon/
GOV.UK. (n.d.). Department for International Development. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-international-development
International Labour Organization. (n.d.). Global employment trends for youth 2013. http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/youth/2013/lang–en/index.htm
International Monetary Fund. (2013 October). World economic and financial surveys: World economic outlook—transitions and tensions. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/pdf/text.pdf
Moyo, D. (2010). Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is another way in Africa. Penguin.
Nobelprize.org. (1987, October 31). The prize in economics 1987—press release. Nobel Media AB 2013. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1987/press.html
Office of the United States Trade Representative: Executive Office of the President. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Redvers, L. (2012, October 31). Youth unemployment: The big question and South Africa. BBC News Business. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20125053
Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2011). Economic development (11th ed.). Addison-Wesley: Pearson.
Vercillo, S. (2010). The failures of Canadian foreign aid: Tied, mismanaged and uncoordinated. The Attaché Journal of International Affairs. http://theattachejia.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/the-attache-2010-issue.pdf
Viscusi, G., & Deen, M. (2012, May 3). Why France has so many 49-employee companies. Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-05-03/why-france-has-so-many-49-employee-companies
The World Bank. (n.d.). The complete world development report online. http://www.wdronline.worldbank.org/
The World Bank. (n.d.). Millennium development goals. http://www.worldbank.org/mdgs/
The World Bank. (n.d.). World Bank country and lending rules. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
The World Bank. (n.d.). World DataBank. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
World Bank Group. (n.d.). New country Classifications | Data. Retrieved January 14, 2014, from http://data.worldbank.org/news/new-country-classifications
International Trade
Bernstein, W. J. (2008). A splendid exchange: How trade shaped the world. Atlantic Monthly Press.
Krugman, P. R. (1996) Pop internationalism. The MIT Press.
Krugman, P. R. (1993). What do undergrads need to know about trade? American Economic Review, 83(2), 23–26.
Ricardo, D. (1817). On the principles of political economy and taxation. John Murray.
Ricardo, D. (n.d.). On the principles of political economy and taxation. Library of Economics and Liberty. http://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP.html
United States Census Bureau. (2015). U.S. international trade in goods and services: December 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2015, from http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/international/trade/2015/pdf/trad1214.pdf
United States Census Bureau. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2015). U.S. international trade in goods and services February 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2015, from https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-Release/current_press_release/ft900.pdf
Vernengo, M. (2000). What do undergraduates really need to know about trade and finance? In R. Baiman, H. Boushey, & D. Saunders (Eds.), Political economy and contemporary capitalism: Radical perspectives on economic theory and policy. M. E. Sharpe Inc. Armonk. 177–183.
The World Bank. (n.d.). Data: World development indicators. Retrieved October 2013 from http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
World Trade Organization. (n.d.). The Doha Round. Retrieved October 2013 from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm
Globalization and Protectionism
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Industries at a glance. Retrieved December 31, 2013, from http://www.bls.gov/iag/
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2013, February 1). Data retrieval: Employment, hours, and earnings (CES). http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cesbtab1.htm
Dhillon, K. (2015). Why are U.S. oil imports falling? Time.com. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://time.com/67163/why-are-u-s-oil-imports-falling/
Helpman, E., & Itskhoki, O. (2010). Labour market rigidities, trade and unemployment. The Review of Economic Studies, 77(3), 1100–1137.
Kristof, N. (2002, June 25). Let them sweat. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/25/opinion/let-them-sweat.html
Kohut, A., Wike, R., & Horowitz, J. (2007, October 4). The Pew global attitudes project. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewglobal.org/files/pdf/258.pdf
Lutz, H. (2015). U.S. auto exports hit record in 2014. Automotive News. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.autonews.com/article/20150206/OEM01/150209875/u.s.-auto-exports-hit-record-in-2014
Melitz, M.J., & Trefler, D. (2012). Gains from trade when firms matter. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(2), 91–118.
Office of the United States Trade Representative. (n.d.). U.S. Trade Representative Froman announces FY 2014 WTO tariff-rate quota allocations for raw cane sugar, refined and specialty sugar and sugar-containing products. Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2013/september/WTO-trq-for-sugar
Oxfam International. (n.d.). Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http://www.oxfam.org/
Rauch, J. (2013, February 15). Was Mancur Olson wrong? The American. http://www.american.com/archive/2013/february/was-mancur-olson-wrong
United States Department of Labor. (2015). Employment situation summary. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm
United States Department of Commerce. (n.d.). About the Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http://www.commerce.gov/about-department-commerce
United States International Trade Commission. (n.d.). About the USITC. Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http://www.usitc.gov/press_room/about_usitc.htm
The World Bank. (n.d.). Merchandise trade (% of GDP). Retrieved January 4, 2014, from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TG.VAL.TOTL.GD.ZS
World Trade Organization. (2014). Annual report 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/anrep14_chap10_e.pdf
