Glossary

The cumulative wearing and tearing on the human body’s system due to the need to constantly adapt to stressors

the ability to switch from thinking about one concept to thinking about a different concept or to think about multiple concepts at the same time

values that emphasize group cohesion and communal thinking

third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development from 7 - 11 years

broad, reputation-based groups of adolescents who share similar interests, norms, behaviors, and values

Differences in sex development include conditions in which a person’s reproductive organs and genitals are “mismatched” at birth. Examples include individuals with male chromosomes (XY) and genitalia that appear female (vulva) or female chromosomes (XX) and genitalia that appear male (penis). Some people with DSDs have characteristics of both sexes.

a set of beliefs and practices that aims to “improve” human genetic composition through selective breeding

when it is first acquired

one’s ability to recognize that others have a belief that is different from their own

second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development from 12 through adolescence

the understanding that one’s gender remains the same regardless of changes to appearance and behaviors that may be seen as gender non-stereotypic (e.g., long hair on boys and girls that play with trucks)

The state of being keyed up, on edge, or continuously wary/vigilant and scanning the environment for danger

a negative attitude that unconsciously affects our perceptions, actions, and decisions toward a specific social group

values that emphasize individuals and unique points of view

the ability to make an appropriate response while inhibiting a dominant response

symptoms such as flashbacks or nightmares in which people find that unwanted memories of negative encounters repeatedly enter their minds

cultures that have weak social norms and a high tolerance for deviant behaviors

the tendency to pay attention to and learn from negative versus positive information

the natural variations in human brains and how they work, which contribute to differences in learning, behavior, and thinking

A type of learning that occurs when one watches others to consider their action and consequences, and copies their behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.

the area of the brain located behind the forehead that is associated with cognitive functions such as planning, problem solving, decision making, and impulse control

preconceived, negative cognitions or thoughts about a group that is not based on reason or actual experience

second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development from 2 - 7 years

tobacco use, drug use, alcohol consumption, and sexual behavior

a long-term pattern, either upward or downward, that spans tens of years and is due to changes over a long period

first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development from birth to 2 years.

"an asymmetrical power dynamic characterized by domination and subordination of a group by restricting access to social, economic, and political resources” (Williams et al., 2023)

a statistical measure that quantifies the average amount by which data points in a set deviate from the mean (average) of that set

cultures that have strong social norms and a low tolerance for deviant behaviors

the ability to hold information in one’s mind for a short period