2.2 Conducting Psychological Research in the Real World
Qualitative designs, such as participant observation, case studies, and narrative analysis, allow us to investigate hard-to-study topics through something as simple as observation. For example, Festinger and colleagues (1956) used participant observation by embedding themselves in a cult to study its dynamics. This allowed them to gain insight into the group’s beliefs and behaviors, although it also raised ethical concerns about the study.
In addition to the methods previously mentioned, ethnography and participatory action research methods are two examples of qualitative methods that involve deep engagement with research participants. Ethnography research examines social interactions, behaviors, and perceptions that occur within groups, organizations, teams, and communities. It emphasizes exploring the nature of a social phenomenon instead of hypothesis testing. Ethnographic researchers immerse themselves in settings to generate a rich understanding of the social actions that occur there (Reeves et al., 2008). One example of ethnographic research is when a researcher lives in a small village for an extended period to gain an understanding of the daily interactions of the local community.
Participatory action research (PAR) is based on reflection, data collection, and action. PAR differs from traditional research in three ways: (1) PAR focuses on enabling actions. It works through a reflective cycle in which participants collect and analyze data and decide on actions. (2) There are fewer power dynamics between researchers and participants. Participants become collaborators in the research process. (3) Unlike traditional research methods, which often view data as disconnected from the people and situations involved, PAR emphasizes the importance of participants actively engaging in the process. It acknowledges that the researcher can influence what is being studied and promotes a “new paradigm science” approach that values the insights and experiences of the participants themselves (Baum et al., 2006). One example of PAR is when residents of a community and researchers work together to improve the health of the residents. They identify barriers, gather data from the local community, and design interventions to improve residents’ health.
Video 2.1. “What is ethnography and how does it work?” [New Tab] by The Sweet Spot [New Tab].
Video 2.2. “Participatory Action Research” by Vera Institute of Justice.